SS 2 Biology

Pollination Process: (a) Definition: The transfer of mature pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the mature stigma of the same or another flower. (b) Precedes Fertilization: Pollination typically occurs before fertilization.   Types of Pollination: (a) Self-Pollination: Pollen transfer from the anther to the stigma of the same flower or another flower […]

Flower Structure: Floral Part (Whorls): Calyx (Sepals): The outermost part, usually small and green, protects the flower in the bud. Corolla (Petals): Located inside the sepals, the attractive part of the flower, coloured and scented to attract pollinators. Androecium (Stamens): Male reproductive organs, composed of stamens with filaments and anthers. Anthers produce pollen grains. Gynoecium

Male And Female Reproductive Structures Structures of the Male Reproductive System: Testis: (a) Description: Oval-shaped structures are found in scrotal sacs in pairs outside the body to maintain a cooler temperature. (b) Functions: (1) Production of sperms. (2) Production of male sex hormones (testosterone). (3) Development of secondary sexual characteristics in males.   Seminiferous Tubules:

A pest is an organism that hosts disease organisms or inflicts damage upon other organisms. Pests can be categorized into crop pests, affecting plants, and livestock pests, targeting animals. Crop pests encompass insects like grasshoppers, mealy bugs, myriads, beetles, birds, and mammals (such as rodents). Livestock pests include ectoparasites like ticks and mites, as well

Conservation refers to the deliberate and controlled utilization of natural resources, aimed at ensuring their sustained availability while preserving the quality and original state of the environment. In simpler terms, it involves safeguarding natural resources from loss, waste, or exploitation through judicious use, with the goal of maintaining their continuity, availability, and preserving their inherent

Within a community, various biological interactions occur among organisms of different species. These interactions can be categorized into three types: beneficial, neutral, and harmful associations. Types of Associations: Symbiosis: Symbiosis refers to a close association between two organisms, where one or both derive benefits from each other. The participants in this mutually advantageous relationship are

Nutrient cycling involves the continuous movement of specific elements such as nitrogen, carbon, water, oxygen, and other substances from the environment to various organisms and back to the environment. The route that atoms or elements follow in this process is referred to as a cycle. Notable examples of nutrient cycles include the nitrogen cycle, carbon

Excretion is the elimination process of metabolic waste products from the bodies of all living organisms. It differs from egestion, which involves expelling solid waste (undigested food substances, i.e., faeces) through the anus. The importance of excretion lies in several factors: To prevent harm caused by any excretory product. Removal of poisonous excretory products from

Meaning of Respiration Respiration is a complex biological process involving the intake of oxygen, its distribution within the organism, exchange at the cellular level, and the subsequent release of energy in the form of ATP, water, and carbon dioxide. This biochemical activity within cells breaks down glucose through enzyme-controlled reactions to generate energy for daily

What is Transport System? The transport system involves the movement of metabolic materials from the parts of an organism where they are produced to other parts where they are utilized, stored, or eliminated from the body.   The necessity for a transport system in all living organisms, including plants and animals, is rooted in several

Digestive System Invertebrates Hydra Feeding Planaria Digestion Earthworm Digestion Insect Digestion (Grasshopper) Vertebrates Bird Digestion Rabbit Digestion Feeding In Hydra Hydra sustains itself by consuming small aquatic organisms, such as crustaceans. Utilizing specialized structures known as nematocysts on its tentacles, it captures prey. The captured food then enters the mouth, where gland cells secrete digestive

A crop refers to a plant intentionally cultivated by humans for various beneficial purposes. Crops undergo classification based on three criteria: life cycle, morphology (form and structure of the plant), and utilization. Classification Based on Life Cycle: The life cycle of a crop spans from seed planting to crop maturity. Crops are categorized into three