The 1922 constitution, named after the then governor of Nigeria, Sir Hugh Clifford, introduced significant changes in Nigeria’s governance structure. It established both an executive council and a legislative council, with the governor wielding considerable authority. While it marked the first introduction of elected principles in Africa, it also had its share of advantages and disadvantages.

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Key Features of the Clifford Constitution:

Creation of an executive council for the entire country.
Establishment of a legislative council with significant European presence.
Introduction of limited electoral rights based on income and residency.
Merit: Abolition of the non-elective Nigerian Council and encouragement of political parties and newspapers.
Demerits: Concentration of power in the governor, limited representation for Nigerians, and perpetuation of regional divisions.

Richards Constitution Highlights:

Implementation in 1947, featuring a central legislative council.
Granting the governor power to legislate for the whole country.
Introduction of regional assemblies and increased Nigerian representation.
Merits: Promotion of national unity, preparation for federalism, and recognition of traditional leadership.
Demerits: European dominance, lack of proper consultation, and continued voting restrictions.

Macpherson Constitution Features (1951):

Retention of bicameralism in the North, introduction in the West.
Establishment of regional executive councils and suffrage reforms.
Merits: Consultation with Nigerians, appointment of Nigerian ministers, and regional autonomy.
Demerits: Weak federal structure, regional-minded ministers, and breakdown due to political motions and riots.

Each constitution brought its own set of advancements and challenges, shaping Nigeria’s political landscape and governance evolution.