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JSS 3 Physical And Health Education (P.H.E)

FIELD EVENT: POLE VAULT

Pole vault is a track and field discipline where participants use a pole as a lever to propel themselves over a horizontally positioned bar supported by two uprights. Both male and female athletes engage in this event, aiming to elevate themselves over the bar in a single take-off. Those who participate in pole vaulting are referred to as pole vaulters.

The essential skills required for pole vaulting encompass flexibility, agility, speed, determination, concentration, muscular strength, and courage.

The equipment and facilities involved in pole vaulting include the two uprights, the crossbar, supports for the crossbar, landing foam, runway, take-off box, and the vaulting pole.

The various phases of pole vaulting are characterized by the grip or hold, carrying the pole, the run-up, the plant, the take-off, the swing up, the turning, the clearance, and the landing.

Common faults in pole vaulting include gripping the pole incorrectly, maintaining inaccurate speed, planting the pole prematurely, neglecting to swing up the legs, failing to flex the arms to lift the body, inability to turn the body, difficulty clearing the bar, and carrying the pole across the body.

Rules and regulations governing the pole vault event dictate that competitors must take off with one foot (single take-off), no marks should be placed on any landing area, a competitor is disqualified if they dislodge the bar three consecutive times at a particular height, and they must not touch the pole as it falls towards the crossbar.

PRACTICAL DEMONSTRATION OF THE BASIC OF JAVELIN

Javelin, a field event, entails the one-handed throw of an implement called the Javelin for distance over a horizontal surface. The participant in this event is referred to as a javelin thrower.

The Javelin comprises three components: the shaft, a cord grip, and a metal head. The cord, serving as the grip, is positioned around the centre of gravity.

JAVELIN: EQUIPMENT AND FACILITIES

These include:

1. The implement (Javelin)
2. The red and white flag
3. Writing materials
4. Score sheets
5. The Javelin pitch
6. Measuring tape
7. Thrower’s spike/canvas
8. The vest

JAVELIN: BASIC SKILLS AND TECHNIQUES

1. The grip: Grasping the javelin at the rear of the binding with the second finger encircling the shaft and barely touching the extended thumb.
2. The carriage: The javelin must point to the front and be carried above the shoulder with steady movement.
3. The Run-up: To gather enough speed and get into the throwing mood.
4. The Throw: Carrying the javelin over the head, with the metal end pointing forward and the entire shaft aligned along the direction of the throw.
5. The Release: Releasing the javelin when the left foot comes to the ground.
6. The Recovery: When the thrower exits from the rear of the sector.

Common faults in javelin:

1. Incorrect hold of the javelin
2. Incorrect carriage
3. Javelin touching the ground before release
4. Not staying within the runway
5. Stepping on the scratch line
6. Learning through the landing sector
7. Throwing the missile outside the landing sector

The rules and regulations of Javelin events:

1. The javelin must be held by the grip.
2. The tip of the metal must strike the ground before any other part of the javelin for a throw to be considered good.
3. No part of the competitor’s body should cross the arc to the landing sector (scratch line).
4. All throws must fall within the landing sector to be valid.
5. If the javelin breaks in the air, it will not count as a trial.
6. Competitors are given three trials, and the best is used to determine their placement.

SAFETY PRECAUTION DURING JAVELIN THROW:

1. The throwing area should be free of accidents.
2. No one should walk across the landing area until throws have been made.
3. The throwing sector must be marked out to keep people clear from it.
4. The javelin is dangerous and destructive if not used with care.
5. The javelin must be returned by hand and not thrown back to the starting line.
6. The javelin must be carried correctly.

COMBINED EVENTS

Combined events involve a fusion of track and field activities, originating in ancient Olympic Games to assess competitors’ overall athletic prowess. There are three main categories: the Decathlon (for men), Heptathlon (for both genders), and Pentathlon (for women).

Decathlon, derived from the Greek “ten tests,” comprises ten athletic events held over two consecutive days, exclusively for men. Points are assigned for each event, determining the most well-rounded athlete, commonly referred to as a decathlete.

The events on each day include 100m hurdles, high jump, shot put, long jump, and a 400m race on the first day, followed by 110m hurdles, discus, pole vault, javelin, and a 1,500m race on the second day.

Pentathlon, meaning “five tests” in Greek, features five events for women, conducted in a single day: long jump, javelin throw, 200m race, discus throw, and a 1,500m race. A participant in the pentathlon is known as a pentathlete.

Heptathlon, translating to “seven tests” in Greek, involves seven events primarily for women, taking place over two consecutive days. The events on each day include 100m hurdles, high jump, shot put, and a 200m race on day one, followed by long jump, javelin, and an 800m race on day two.

Scoring in these events is based on the combined performance across all activities, with points awarded in each event, irrespective of the finishing position.

Officials overseeing combined events include roles such as the referee, umpire, chief field judge, chief track judge, field judge, timekeeper, starter, announcer, recorders, and marksmen.

Facilities and equipment necessary for these events encompass hurdles and high jump stands, pole vault stands and poles, landing foams, javelins, shot puts, discus implements, stopwatches, whistles, starting guns, measuring tapes, writing materials, white and red flags, and a public address system.

Rules and regulations include staying within designated lanes, jumpers avoiding the edge of the pit, determining the overall winner based on total points, facing elimination for non-participation, and the discus thrower leaving the circle from behind.

HOCHEY

Hockey, a team and field game utilizing sticks and a ball, has a historical origin dating back to ancient times, with early mentions by the Greeks, Romans, and Persians as far back as 514 BC. Polo, played on horsebacks, was a precursor among the affluent.

The evolution of modern hockey took shape in 1876 with the establishment of hockey clubs, and in 1886, a well-constituted modern Hockey Association emerged. The International Hockey Federation (IHF) was subsequently formed in 1900, establishing standardized rules. The Nigeria Hockey Federation (NHF) followed suit in 1962.

The game involves various fundamental skills such as dribbling, tackling, driving/hitting, stopping, passing, scooping, flicking, and goalkeeping. It commences with a center pass, and the field formation mirrors that of football, with eleven players on each team.

The primary objective is to maneuver the ball into the striking circle through dribbling, passing, or hitting, eventually scoring by getting it into the opposing team’s goal. Each team comprises eleven players, including a goalkeeper. The match duration is 35 minutes per half, with a ten-minute interval.

Facilities and equipment essential for the game include the hockey pitch, goal posts, side boards, back boards, nets, flag posts, knee caps, hockey balls, goalkeeper pad, abdominal protector, goalkeeper glove, goalkeeper kickers, and a pair of boots with hose.

Rules and regulations govern the game, including requirements for a team to consist of 11 players, scoring goals only from within the striking circle, numbered jerseys for players, mandatory use of a hockey stick, players staying in their own half during the center pass, restrictions on using the rounded side of the stick, and limitations on raising the stick above shoulder height.

The officiating roles in hockey involve two umpires, timekeepers, and scorers.

FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION

Female genital refers to the external sex organs of females, while mutilation involves causing significant damage or ruin to something.

Female genital mutilation, also known as female circumcision, entails the removal or cutting of some or all of the sensitive external genital parts of females, such as the clitoris, labia minora, and labia majora, with the aim of reducing sexual urges.

Although once prevalent in various African countries, including Nigeria, concerted efforts in advocacy, campaigns, and education have significantly diminished this practice, moving toward its complete eradication.

The reasons behind female genital mutilation vary across communities. Some believe that removing a part of a female child reduces sexual sensitivity and discourages a promiscuous lifestyle.

In other cases, the practice is rooted in superstitions, such as the fear that contact between the mother’s genitals and the baby’s head during delivery may lead to death or developmental issues.

Some communities associate female circumcision with improved personal hygiene, spiritual purity, or consider it a religious ritual for eligibility in matured-girls traditional ceremonies before marriage. However, scientific evidence discredits these beliefs, highlighting the unpleasant, cruel, and dangerous nature of the practice.

Examining the health implications of female genital mutilation reveals its lack of benefits and potential harm to girls and women.

This harmful practice can result in depression and loss of sexual desire, leading to potential marital issues. Additionally, the use of unsterilized instruments may contribute to the spread of infections, while bleeding, ranging from minor to severe, can lead to shock and even death due to blood loss. Other consequences include difficulty in urination and an increased risk of urinary and reproductive tract infections.

FAMILY LIFE AND SEX EDUCATION

Family Significance:

The family serves as our fundamental environment for growth and development, supplying essential necessities like food, shelter, and clothing. It is a vital unit responsible for our survival, guidance, and the provision of love.

Family Definition:

A family is a group of individuals connected by blood or marriage, constituting a fundamental societal unit responsible for supporting, caring for, and preparing children for adulthood. Life spans from birth to death, while education involves acquiring skills, values, and knowledge for various pursuits.

Roles within the Family:

Father’s Responsibilities:

1. Serving as the family’s breadwinner
2. Upholding discipline
3. Providing education for children
4. Contributing financially to the family
5. Making significant decisions

Mother’s Responsibilities:

1. Preparing meals for the family
2. Maintaining household order
3. Nurturing and raising morally-grounded children
4. Instilling moral values in children
5. Making minor decisions

Children’s Responsibilities:

1. Obeying parents
2. Assisting with household chores
3. Respecting parents and elders
4. Meeting family expectations
5. Excelling in school
6. Receiving sex education

Sex Education:

Sex encompasses the state of being male or female, including sexual urges, intercourse, and related behaviors. Sex education, a crucial part of growing up, involves formally and informally educating adolescents on sex and related issues.

Pre-marital Sex:

This refers to sexual activity between individuals not married to each other. Health implications include unwanted pregnancies, emotional effects, sexually transmitted diseases, sterility, and potential physical harm.

Puberty:

Puberty marks the stage of sexual reproduction capability in human development. Both boys and girls undergo physical changes, such as voice deepening, muscle development, and the growth of reproductive organs.

Physical Changes during Puberty:

Boys:

1. Deeper voice
2. Muscle development
3. Broadening chest
4. Growth of pubic hair
5. Enlargement of penis and testicles
6. Erections and wet dreams

Girls:

1. Enlargement of nipples
2. Development of pubic hair
3. Rapid growth
4. Production of estrogen by ovaries
5. Rounder hips
6. Growth of underarm hair
7. Breast development
8. Rounder face

Assertiveness:

Assertiveness involves expressing feelings, opinions, or desires without violating others’ rights. Assertive individuals freely express themselves, initiate and maintain comfortable relationships, understand their rights, and have emotional control.

Communication Skills:

Communication is the successful sharing of meaningful information, encompassing clarity, conciseness, correctness, completeness, courtesy, and constructive elements for effective communication.

AGEING AND DEATH EDUCATION

What is the process of aging?

Ageing is the gradual progression of growing old, during which the physiological and skeletal systems weaken, leading to a gradual loss of strength, power, and various abilities.

It is a phase in life where one reaches the end of their useful life and becomes obsolescent. In contrast, death is defined as the state of no life or the termination of an individual’s life.

Physical and biological changes accompany ageing, such as vision and significant hearing loss, potential memory decline, and impacts on nutritional status and the enjoyment of food. Structural changes also occur in ligaments, structure, and growth.

Measures to Counteract Ageing

To counteract ageing, several measures can be taken, including:

1. Rest and Sleep: Ensuring adequate rest and sleep.
2. Exercise: Engaging in regular physical activity.
3. Nutrition: Maintaining a balanced and nutritious diet.
4. Social Connections: Cultivating close friendships.
5. Engagement in Activities: Actively participating in various activities.
6. Family Interaction: Spending time with family.
7. Basic Needs: Addressing fundamental needs.

Understanding Death

Death marks the termination of the biological functions defining living organisms. It commences when the heart stops beating.

Supporting Dying Individuals

To support those approaching the end of life:

1. Consistent Presence: Being there consistently, as per the patient’s desire and schedule.
2. Regular Communication: Maintaining regular contact over time to foster comfort in sharing thoughts, fears, and hopes.
3. Listening: Prioritizing listening over talking.
4. Identifying Presence: Informing the individual about who is in the room.
5. Time and Date Reminders: Providing reminders of time and date.

Coping with Grief

Grief is a natural response to loss, including the death of a loved one, loss of health, or the end of a significant relationship. Coping strategies for grief include:

1. Social Support: Seeking support from others.
2. Self-Care: Practicing good self-care.
3. Time: Allowing time for the natural healing process.
4. Professional Support: Contacting a grief counsellor.
5. Group Support: Joining a bereavement support group for additional assistance.

Physical Fitness

Definition of Physical Fitness:

Physical fitness pertains to the overall well-being of an individual, focusing on their physical health. A person can engage in daily activities without excessive fatigue while maintaining energy for social interactions.

Another way to describe physical fitness is the ability to carry out routine occupational tasks while retaining strength for recreational pursuits and handling unforeseen emergencies.

Essentially, an individual is considered physically fit when they can perform daily activities without excessive fatigue and still have ample energy for leisure and unexpected situations.

Components of Physical Fitness:

Physical fitness components can be categorized into two groups:

Health-Related Component:

   These components directly influence an individual’s health, irrespective of factors such as age, gender, religion, or occupation. They include:

1. Muscular Strength: The maximum force the body can exert.
2. Muscular Endurance: The ability of muscles to sustain vigorous activities over an extended period.
3. Muscular Power: The body’s capacity to release force explosively with speed.
4. Cardiovascular Respiratory Endurance: The ability of the heart and respiratory systems to use oxygen during strenuous activities.
5. Flexibility: The ability of joints to move easily without hindrance.

Performance-Related Components:

   Essential for skillful performance, these components include:

1. Balance: The ability to maintain stability after various movements.
2. Agility: The capability to move quickly and effectively in different directions.
3. Speed: The rate at which force moves quickly over a short period.
4. Accuracy: The ability to control the movement of objects precisely.
5. Coordination: The effective and orderly performance of the body’s systems.

Factors Contributing to Good Physical Fitness:

Several factors contribute to maintaining good physical fitness, including:

1. Heredity: Traits inherited from parents that influence body development.
2. Balanced Diet (Nutrition): Essential for overall body development.
3. Regular Physical Exercise: Enhances the proper functioning of body systems.
4. Good Health Habits: Including proper rest, sleep, relaxation, medical and dental care.

Characteristics of a Physically Fit Person:

A physically fit individual possesses attributes such as physical soundness, social health, emotional stability, and mental well-being. They must be free from diseases and infirmities.

Importance of Physical Fitness to Human Life:

Physical fitness holds significance as it contributes to proper body growth, aids digestion, improves organ function, promotes well-being, enables disease resistance, reduces high blood pressure, facilitates sports participation, controls obesity, and enhances the body’s oxygen-carrying capacity.

ENERGY

Energy is the “capacity for doing work,” essential for muscle activities directed by the nervous system. Muscle contractions lead to joint movements, and coordinating skills like jumping, kicking, clapping, running, throwing, and dancing.

ENERGY FORMS

Chemical energy

Sound energy

Potential energy

Kinetic energy

Electric energy

Light energy

Solar energy

Chemical energy, stored in fuel and foods, derives from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Carbohydrates digest into glucose, fats into fatty acids and glycerol, and proteins into amino acids.

Sound energy allows hearing various sounds like speech, singing, radio, television, and thunder. Potential energy is the energy of position, possessed by objects pushed or pulled into a position for work. Kinetic energy is the energy of a moving object.

Electrical energy powers appliances like fans, radios, TVs, and refrigerators. Solar energy, harnessed through evolving technologies, includes radiant light and heat from the sun. Heat energy is used for cooking, ironing, and producing steam for engines.

Light energy deflects a light meter’s pointer, and plants use it for photosynthesis.

SOURCE OF ENERGY DURING PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES

Glucose provides immediate energy for muscle activities, making carbohydrates crucial for energy production.

Muscles release energy as heat, increased tension, or fiber shortening during contractions.

COMBINED EVENTS 2

The Ancient Olympic Games were designed to assess the overall athletic prowess of participants through a series of combined events.

These events include the Decathlon (for men), Heptathlon (for both men and women), and Pentathlon (for women).

The Decathlon, a Greek term meaning “ten tests,” comprises ten athletics events primarily for men, conducted over two consecutive days.

Points are allocated for each event to determine the most versatile athlete, with participants referred to as decathletes. The modern decathlon events are as follows:

First day: 100m hurdle, High jump, Shot put, Long jump, 400m race 

Second day: 110m hurdle, Discus, Pole vault, Javelin, 1,500m race

Scoring in combined events involves calculating points based on the medal won, with gold, silver, and bronze ranked in order of importance. The competitor with the highest total points at the conclusion of all events emerges as the winner.

The Pentathlon, translating to “five tests” in Greek, consists of five athletics events primarily for women. Held in a single day, the events include Long jump, Javelin throw, 200m race, Discus throw, and 1,500m race. Participants in the pentathlon are referred to as pentathletes.

The Heptathlon, meaning “seven tests” in Greek, comprises seven athletics events mainly for women, held over two consecutive days. The events are as follows:

Day one: 100m race, High jump, Shot put, 200m race 

Day two: Long jump, Javelin, 800m race

Winners in combined events are determined by overall performance across all events, with points awarded for each event rather than placement.

Officials, Equipment, Facilities, and Safety Rules in Combined Events

Definition of Combined Events:

In the realm of sports, combined events pertain to athletic competitions encompassing multiple disciplines within a singular contest. Athletes engage in a variety of events, and their performances in each are subject to scoring or ranking.

The participant with the highest cumulative score or the most outstanding overall performance following all events is declared the victor.

Among the well-known combined events in athletics are the decathlon for men and the heptathlon for women.

The decathlon, a men’s track and field event, spans ten disciplines over two days, while the heptathlon, its female counterpart, unfolds across seven disciplines during the same duration. Points are awarded based on individual performances, and the athlete with the highest total points emerges as the champion.

These combined events necessitate athletes to showcase versatility and proficiency across various skills such as sprinting, jumping, throwing, and endurance. They serve as a test of athletes’ comprehensive abilities, often determining the most outstanding overall athlete in track and field.

Roles of Officials in Combined Events:

In the domain of sports and competitive events, officials assume pivotal roles to ensure fair play, accurate judgments, and the smooth functioning of the event.

The referee, umpire, chief field judge, chief track judge, field judge, timekeeper, starter, announcer, recorders, and marksmen collectively contribute to the event’s integrity.

1. Referee: In sports like soccer, basketball, and boxing, the referee holds the highest authority, enforcing rules and making decisions crucial to the game’s integrity.

2. Umpire: Common in baseball, cricket, and tennis, umpires oversee gameplay, make calls, and maintain order on the field.

3. Chief Field Judge: Prominent in track and field, they supervise field events, ensuring fair competition and validating athletes’ attempts.

4. Chief Track Judge: Manages track events, monitoring procedures and determining winners in close finishes.

5. Field Judge: Works with the chief field judge, ensuring rule compliance and accurate performance measurements.

6. Timekeeper: In sports like swimming, athletics, and motorsports, they record precise timings crucial for determining records and winners.

7. Starter: Initiates races in track and swimming competitions, ensuring fair starts.

8. Announcer: Provides commentary, introduces participants, and reports scores, creating an engaging atmosphere.

9. Recorders: Maintain official records of performances, scores, and statistics.

10. Marksmen: In sports like archery and shooting, score competitors’ performances with precision.

These officials, often unsung heroes, contribute to the event’s success and the satisfaction of athletes and spectators by upholding the rules and spirit of the sport.

Facilities and Equipment in Sports Events:

Facilities and equipment are integral to the seamless operation and success of sporting events, from local meets to international competitions. The right gear ensures athletes can perform at their best. Key elements include:

1. Hurdles Stands and High Jump Stands: Provide stability for setting up hurdles and high jump bars, allowing athletes to practice and compete safely.

2. Pole Vault Stands and Poles: Secure bases for pole vaulters, supporting their jumps, with poles of varying lengths and flexibility.

3. Landing Foams, Javelin, Shot Put, and Discus Implements: Critical for safety, these include soft landing foams and implements for field events.

4. Stopwatches, Whistles, Starting Gun: Essential for officials and coaches, aiding in timing, communication, and race initiation.

5. Measuring Tapes and Writing Materials: Accurate measurement tools and writing materials for record-keeping and documenting performances.

6. White and Red Flags: Used by officials to communicate with athletes during events, signaling favorable conditions or issues.

7. Public Address System: Ensures announcements and instructions are heard by athletes and spectators, enhancing the event experience.

8. Running Spikes and Throwing Spikes: Specialized shoes for traction and stability, designed for sprinters, distance runners, and throwers.

These facilities and equipment contribute to athlete safety, performance, result accuracy, and overall enjoyment for participants and spectators alike.

The Safety Guidelines for Combined Events

In combined events, the utmost priority is placed on safety, and strict adherence to a defined set of safety guidelines is essential to safeguard the well-being of athletes, officials, and spectators. The following delineates key safety rules that must be rigorously observed in combined events:

1. Adherence to Regulations: It is imperative to meticulously organize the entire competition in strict accordance with established rules and regulations governing combined events. These regulations are in place to ensure consistency and fairness across all facets of the competition.

2. Precise Event Conduct: Each component of the combined competition should be conducted with precision and adherence to safety protocols. Athletes need to be well-informed about the correct techniques and rules for each event to minimize the risk of injury.

3. Immediate Accident Reporting: In the event of an accident or injury on the field, prompt reporting is crucial. Immediate reporting facilitates swift medical attention and ensures appropriate action is taken to prevent further harm, with priority always given to the safety and well-being of all participants.

4. Provision of Necessary Equipment: Organizers must provide athletes with the required functioning materials, equipment, and suitable clothing to maintain a safe and fair playing field. This includes ensuring that implements used in throwing events, such as javelins or shot puts, are in good condition and meet safety standards.

5. Presence of Qualified Officials: The presence of qualified officials for each event is vital for the smooth and safe conduct of combined events. These officials play a crucial role in enforcing rules, monitoring athletes, and addressing any safety concerns. Organizers should ensure that an adequate number of officials are available and trained to carry out their duties effectively.

6. Medical Support: Have a medical team or first aid personnel available on-site throughout the entire event. They should be well-equipped to provide immediate medical attention in case of injuries, illnesses, or emergencies.

7. Warm-Up and Cool-Down Areas: Designate specific areas for athletes to properly warm up and cool down before and after their events. These areas should be equipped with necessary equipment and space to prevent injuries.

8. Weather Conditions: Monitor weather conditions closely and have protocols in place for inclement weather. If conditions become hazardous, such as during lightning storms or extreme heat, consider postponing or rescheduling the event to ensure safety.

9. Proper Hydration: Encourage athletes to stay adequately hydrated throughout the competition, especially in hot or humid conditions. Provide access to water stations to prevent dehydration.

10. Rest Periods: Ensure that athletes have sufficient rest periods between events to minimize fatigue and reduce the risk of injuries due to overexertion.

11. Safe Facilities: Regularly inspect and maintain all facilities, including tracks, runways, and field areas, to ensure they are free from hazards such as loose debris, uneven surfaces, or damaged equipment.

12. Safety Briefings: Conduct safety briefings for athletes, coaches, officials, and volunteers before the start of the competition. Emphasize the importance of following safety rules and guidelines.

13. Prohibited Substances: Enforce strict anti-doping regulations and prohibit the use of performance-enhancing substances. Drug testing may be required to maintain fairness and safety in the competition.

14. Security and Crowd Control: Implement adequate security measures to control the crowd and prevent unauthorized access to the competition area. Ensure that spectators are at a safe distance from the events.

15. Emergency Evacuation Plan: Develop and communicate a clear emergency evacuation plan in case of unforeseen circumstances, such as fires, accidents, or natural disasters.

16. Communication: Establish effective communication channels between event organizers, officials, medical staff, and participants to relay important information and updates regarding the competition or safety concerns.

17. Age and Skill Appropriateness: Ensure that participants are of an appropriate age and skill level for the combined events they are entering. This helps prevent injuries and maintains fairness in competition.

18. Proper Training: Athletes should undergo thorough training and preparation specific to the combined events they are participating in, including learning proper techniques and safety procedures.

By meticulously adhering to these additional safety rules and guidelines, organizers can create a secure and conducive environment for combined events, fostering a culture of safety, fairness, and enjoyment for all involved.

Adhering to these safety rules ensures that combined events are conducted with the highest level of safety and integrity, protecting the well-being of all participants and upholding the credibility and fairness of the competition itself. Safety should always be a top priority in the world of combined events, and these rules serve as a foundation for achieving that goal.

NIGERIAN SPORTS HEROES AND HEROINE

A hero or heroine, irrespective of gender, is an individual who has achieved something extraordinary, garnering admiration from others.

Nigerian athletes have etched Nigeria’s name in the annals of sports history, contributing significantly to the nation’s reputation as a sporting powerhouse. Similarly, numerous individuals have excelled in physical and health education, bringing pride to the country.

The following personalities have played pivotal roles in advancing sports development in Nigeria:

(A) Harding J. Ekperigin – The Father of Physical Education in Nigeria:

1. Acknowledged as the pioneer of physical education in Nigeria.
2. Established the Central Committee of Amateur Athletics Association in 1944.
3. Advocated for the creation of a professional organization for physical and health education in 1961.

(B) Samuel Okwaraji:

1. Secured a silver medal at the 1988 African Nations Cup for Nigeria.
2. Boasted a successful European career with stints at AS Roma, NK Dinamo Zagreb, VFB Stuttgart, and SSV ULM.

(C) Falilat Ogunkoya:

1. Achieved gold medals in the national championships in 1996 (400m), 1998 (200m), 1999 (400m), and 2001 (400m).
2. Earned a bronze medal at the Atlanta 1996 Olympics.

(D) Mary Onyali Omagbemi:

1. Held the title of the fastest woman in Africa for an extended period.
2. Notable achievements include bronze medals at the 1992 Summer Olympics (4 by 400m relay race) and the 1996 Summer Olympics (200 meters), as well as at the 1996 Commonwealth Games.

(E) Olumide Oyedele:

1. Played professional basketball in the NBA.
2. Contributed to the C.B. Granada basketball club in Spain.

(G) Nojim Mayegun:

1. Retired boxer who clinched a bronze medal in the men’s light middleweight (71kg) category at the 1964 Olympic Games in Tokyo, Japan.

(H) Nwankwo Kanu:

1. Member of the triumphant Golden Eaglets in the 1993 Under-17 World Cup in Japan.
2. Part of the team that secured gold medals for Nigeria in the soccer event at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics.

CONTRIBUTIONS OF SOME PROFESSIONALS TO PHYSICAL AND HEALTH EDUCATION IN NIGERIA

Here are some notable professionals in physical and health education in Nigeria:

Harding J. Ekperigin:

1. 1. A versatile sportsman in his time.
   2. Founded the central committee of the Amateur Athletics Association in 1944.
   3. Advocated for the establishment of a professional organization for physical and health education in 1961.

Prof. M.O. Ajisafe:

1. A pioneer in curriculum and instructional materials for physical education.
2. Successfully lobbied for the adoption of a syllabus reflecting Nigeria’s geo-cultural background in 1969, leading to the current 6-3-3-4 education system.

Isaac Akioye:

1. The first professional appointed as Director of sports at the National Sports Commission.
2. Instrumental in the founding of Nipoga, NICEGA, and NSSF during his tenure.

Prof. John Adedeji:

1. A pioneer in physical and health education in Nigeria.
2. Initiated his career as a lecturer at the University of Ife, focusing on the Institute of Physical Education.
3. Contributed to the development of the physical education syllabus for junior and senior secondary schools in Nigeria.

Prof. James Abodunrin:

1. Noteworthy contributions to the promotion of health education.
2. Served in various capacities, particularly as a consultant on health education for the World Health Organization (WHO).

Additionally, other outstanding professionals, including university figures like Mr. Funsho Adeolu, Mr. Hemi Tells, Prof. Dr. Eniola Lasun, have significantly contributed to the advancement of physical and health education in Nigeria.

Puberty

What is Puberty?

Puberty is a natural phase of physical and sexual maturation that unfolds during adolescence. It represents a significant period of transformation, guiding a child’s body through the journey to adulthood. This process is instigated by hormonal shifts, primarily involving the release of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone.

While the onset of puberty varies among individuals, it typically occurs between the ages of 8 and 14 in girls and between 9 and 16 in boys. Initial signs in girls encompass breast development and the commencement of menstruation (menarche), whereas boys undergo testicular and penile growth alongside a deepening of their voices.

Beyond primary sexual characteristics, secondary sexual traits also emerge during puberty. These encompass the growth of pubic and underarm hair, alterations in body shape, increased sweat production, and the appearance of facial hair in boys.

Puberty isn’t confined to physical alterations; it encompasses emotional, cognitive, and social development. Adolescents might grapple with mood swings, heightened interest in romantic and sexual relationships, and the forging of their distinct identity apart from their family. It is a phase marked by self-discovery and exploration.

It’s crucial to acknowledge the wide spectrum of individual variations in terms of the timing, duration, and intensity of puberty. If there are specific inquiries or concerns about puberty, seeking guidance from a healthcare professional or a trusted adult is advisable.

Teenage Pregnancy and Its Consequences

Puberty signifies the transition from childhood to adulthood, characterized by rapid physical development of secondary sexual characteristics. Hormones, such as estrogen for girls and testosterone for boys, drive both the physical and emotional changes during this period.

Physiological changes in boys during puberty

1. Development of a broad chest and shoulders
2. Deepening of the voice
3. Enlargement of the penis and testicles
4. Strengthening of bones and muscles
5. Growth of pubic and armpit hair
6. Occurrence of constant erections and wet dreams

Girls experience physiological changes during puberty, including:

1. Growth and development of breasts
2. Onset of monthly periods (menstruation)
3. Development of wider hips and a narrower waistline
4. Growth of hair in the armpit and pubic area
5. Enlargement of the uterus
6. Development of a higher-pitched, tiny voice

Teenage Pregnancy and Its Consequences

The teenage years, typically spanning from 13 to 19, mark a crucial period of bodily maturation, accompanied by a heightened inclination for risk-taking, which can be perilous. The onset of menstruation in girls signals the potential for pregnancy if engaged in unprotected sex.

Consequences of teenage pregnancy

1. Disruption of educational pursuits
2. Compromising future aspirations
3. Inducing frustration, depression, and unhappiness
4. Predisposition to prostitution and drug abuse if proper support is lacking
5. The risk of complications from improperly performed abortions, potentially affecting future fertility.

Career Guidance in Physical and Health Education

A career is the pursuit of a chosen profession, involving the acquisition of skills or education to earn a living.

Opportunities in the field of physical education encompass various careers, such as teaching, coaching, sports officiating, sports marketing, sports journalism, sports management, sports physiotherapy, health counseling, health journalism, health research, sports psychology, sports administration, fitness instruction, and more.

In the realm of teaching within physical and health education, educators are essential at all levels of academic instruction. Coaching roles are vital in sports councils, clubs, and organizations focused on physical activities. Physical instructors play a crucial role in designing conditioning programs for different sports.

Sports marketing professionals generate funds by promoting sports events to interested parties, particularly those looking to advertise their products through sports. Sports physiotherapists aim to enhance mobility, alleviate pain, and prevent sports injuries.

Sports psychologists employ techniques to enhance athlete performance, while health journalists report on health-related matters in various media outlets, including newspapers and magazines. Health consultants provide advice in specific areas of health.

Numerous agencies and bodies in Nigeria contribute to the promotion of sports, including the National Sports Commission (NSC), National Institute for Sports (NIS), National Association for Physical, Health Education, Recreation Sports, and Dance (NAPHERSD), Athletics Federation of Nigeria (AFN), Badminton Federation of Nigeria (BFN), Cricket Federation of Nigeria (CDN), Gymnastics Federation of Nigeria (BFN), Nigeria Football Federation (NFF), Nigeria Boxing Federation (NBF), Nigeria Hockey Federation (NHF), Nigeria Table Tennis Federation (NTTF), Nigeria Volleyball Federation (NVBF), among others.

Additionally, various agencies and organizations address public health concerns in Nigeria through research, fundraising, preventive medicine, and education. Some of these entities include the Ministry of Health, Federal Road Safety Commission (FRSC), National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA), National Agency for Food and Drugs Administration and Control (NAFDAC), Nigeria Association of Health Education Teachers (NAHET), and Nigeria School Health Association (NSHA).

Basic Swimming Strokes

There are four fundamental swimming strokes, namely:

1. Front crawl or freestyle
2. Breaststroke
3. Backstroke
4. Butterfly stroke

Front crawl or freestyle involves a swimmer using any stroke of their choice, without adhering to rules related to breaststroke, butterfly, and backstroke. During turns and finishes, the swimmer must touch the end of the pool with any part of their body. The crawling style is recognized as the fastest and most efficient swimming stroke.

Breaststroke requires both hands to move forward and backward simultaneously, with the shoulders parallel to the water surface and at right angles. Legs should exhibit a distinct bend (flexion) at the knees, followed by an outward and backward kicking motion.

Backstroke involves a stroke on the back, with arms alternately moving and recovering out of the water, while the legs employ a flutter kick. Swimmers risk disqualification for changing from their back before touching the finishing line with their hands.

Butterfly stroke demands more stamina and strength than other strokes. Swimmers execute this stroke by lifting both arms simultaneously above and over the head while kicking both feet in an upward and downward motion. The butterfly stroke is also known as the Dolphin stroke and ranks as the second-fastest stroke in the swimming world.

Equipment and facilities for swimming encompass various items such as swimming trunks, goggles, starting blocks, swimming floats, flippers, earplugs, whistles, swimming caps, swimming pools, towels, slippers, and kickboards.

Swimming competitions feature a range of events

1. 100m freestyle
2. 200m freestyle
3. 400m freestyle
4. 100m breaststroke
5. 200m breaststroke
6. 100m butterfly stroke
7. 200m butterfly stroke
8. 100m backstroke
9. 200m backstroke
10. 100m individual medley
11. 4x100m freestyle relay (women)
12. 4x200m freestyle relay (men)
13. 4x400m medley relay

Gymnastics

The term gymnastics, derived from the Greek word “gymnazo” meaning naked art, originated in ancient Greece. Gymnastics comprises physical exercises aimed at enhancing strength, balance, flexibility, agility, and body coordination.

Gymnastics encompasses three main categories of floor activities:

1. Stunt activities (performed individually or with a partner)
2. Tumbling activities
3. Balancing activities

Stunts, whether solo or with a partner, involve brief actions on the floor, mat, or foams. Individual stunt examples include the frog jump, sit-up, cat spring, trunk curl, push-up, cycling in the air, rabbit jump, and bear walk. Partner stunts include the see-saw, wheelbarrow walk, and leg wrestling.

Tumbling is characterized by turning, twisting, rolling, and springing of the human body. Tumbling activities include the cartwheel, headstand, handspring, forward roll, backward roll, front somersault, and back somersault.

Balancing, another gymnastics activity, can also be performed on the floor. Examples of balancing activities include headstand balance, handstand balance, squat balance, knee balance, crab balance, chest balance, and side arm balance.

The sequence for a forward roll in gymnastics involves spreading a mat, standing at the mat’s end, facing the rolling direction, assuming a squatting position with palms forward on the mat, shoulders wide apart, and knees between the arms. The sequence continues by tucking the chin to the chest, raising the buttocks, looking between the legs, rolling over the neck and shoulders with knees close to the chest, rolling out, and standing up.

Gymnastics imparts various values and benefits:

1. Enhances alertness and quick reasoning
2. Fosters creativity and the discovery of new movement patterns
3. Builds courage, self-confidence, determination, and endurance
4. Instills cooperation, teamwork, loyalty, and patriotism
5. Develops muscles and improves body posture, flexibility, agility, and strength
6. Provides a means of livelihood.

Basic Skills and Techniques of Tennis

Tennis stands as a widely embraced sport demanding a blend of physical prowess, coordination, and technical proficiency. Below are fundamental skills and techniques integral to tennis:

1. Racket Grip: Tennis employs various grips, including the Eastern, Continental, and Western grips. Your grip choice hinges on your play style and the desired shots.

2. Groundstrokes: Shots executed from the baseline, comprising the forehand and backhand.

1. Forehand: A dominant shot requiring body rotation, stepping into the shot, and a fluid swinging motion.

1. Backhand: Involves two types—the fluid, one-handed backhand and the stable, two-handed backhand.

3. Serve: Initiates a point, pivotal for setting its tone. Key components involve the correct grip, a smooth tossing motion, and a well-timed swing for power and accuracy.

4. Volley: A pre-bounce shot typically near the net. Successful volleys demand rapid reflexes, precise footwork, and a controlled racket face.

5. Overhead Smash: A forceful shot played when the ball is above head height, often used against high balls or lobs. Success lies in timing, footwork, and a robust swing for power and precision.

6. Footwork: Crucial for swift court navigation, optimal positioning, and balance maintenance while hitting shots. Agility drills enhance footwork.

7. Court Positioning: Strategic placement based on ball location and anticipation of its trajectory. Move toward the ideal position for effective shot execution.

8. Strategy and Tactics: Combining physical and mental aspects, develop a game plan and understand opponents’ strengths and weaknesses. Utilize tactics such as varying shot pace, direction, and depth to disrupt opponents.

In the realm of tennis:

1. It’s a racket sport.
2. Involves using a ball.
3. Primarily played outdoors.
4. Attracts both male and female players.
5. Played in singles, doubles, and mixed doubles formats.
6. Commences with a service.
7. Scoring follows a point system.

Basic Skills and Techniques of Tennis:

Grip:

1. Eastern grip (forehand)
2. Western grip (backhand)
3. Continental grip

Service

1. Forehand Drive
2. Backhand Drive
3. Volley
4. Half Volley
5. Lob Shot
6. Drop Shot
7. Smash

It’s essential to recognize that these represent just a fraction of the foundational skills and techniques in tennis. Consistent practice, coaching, and match experience are crucial for honing and advancing these skills, contributing to your proficiency as a tennis player.

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